Cotton is
one of the most important commercial crops cultivated in India. Commanding
around 60% share in the raw material consumption basket of the Indian textile
industry ,it plays a major role in sustaining the livelihood of an estimated
over six million cotton farmers and over 50 million people engaged in related
activities such as cotton processing and trade. Textiles in turn accounts for
nearly 20% of India’s exports.
In 1951-52, cultivated area for cotton in the
country covered only an estimated 56.48 lakh hectares while today it stands
roughly double of it - an estimated 111.61 lakh hectares last year. ((1 hectare
= 2.471 acres).
Similarly, 60 years ago, the production of
cotton was completely organic and of the desi (traditional) variety. Today,
85-90% of the production is accounted by transgenic seeds, this transformation
coming in just 8 years. But adoption appeared more supply driven than need
based:
• Since transgenic seeds are back crossed with elite local hybrids, normal
hybrids began disappearing from the market. The increasing unavailability
of the latter functioned as a powerful catalyst for speedy adoption of GM
technology in the country.
• Adoption rates really spiked in the country after the Supreme
Court pegged the price of transgenic seeds to make it more affordable to
farmers as compared to its prohibitive introductory prices.
• Bt introduction also coincided with global cotton prices soaring due to
supply side bottlenecks - largely due to falling production in China and US,
two of the world’s largest producers and exporters of cotton. Bt enabled
cotton varieties that found a fit with global cotton demand.
Productivity that stood at a mere 92 kgs per
hectare in 1951-52 increased with the progressive adoption of hybrid seeds till
it logged around 400 kgs per hectare in 2003-04. That year can be treated as
the pre-transgenic cotton’s productivity baseline in real terms as Bt’s share
in area cultivated was then a mere 1% and inconsequential in impact to overall
productivity of the cotton crop in the country.
The introduction of GM seeds was justified on
the grounds that poor yields were result of high pest infections that
accompanied increased use of hybrids which in turn are prone to more severe
pest attacks than the desi (traditional) varieties. A widely quoted statistics
point out of that cotton cultivation in India which accounts for about 5 per
cent of the total land under cultivation yet accounts nearly 45% per cent of
all pesticide usage (Choudhary and Laroia, 2001).
Low yields meant though India had the largest
hectare under cotton in the world, it came a distant third after China and the
US as the leading producer globally. The cotton cultivation in India has been
plagued with rising cost of cultivation, ineffective pesticides, adulterated
seeds, and other inputs, leading to frequent crop failures (Bose, 2000).
Nearly 65 per cent cotton cultivation is rain
dependent and subject to heavy vagaries of monsoon rains. Continuous presence
of cotton in the subcontinent makes it easy for pest; diseases and other biotic
stress agents to survive multiply and cause frequent epidemics (Mayee, 2002).
The cotton crop in India is in fact affected
by over 145 species of insects and few species of mites. But research studies
indicated that nearly 50% of all yield reduction is accounted by the bollworm
complex particularly Helicoverpa armigera (Old World or American bollworm) and
to a much lesser extent Pectinophora gossypiella (Pink bollworm), Earias
vittella (Spotted bollworm) and E. insulana (Spiny bollworm). Annually it was
estimated that 344 million dollars are spent on cotton pesticides. Bollworm
control was estimated to cost farmers 235 million dollars yearly. It was
further claimed that:
“Bollworm caterpillars had become resistant to all
insecticides recommended for control and none of the chemicals worked, even
when mixed as cocktails at doubled concentration and despite repeated spraying
of insecticides (6 to 20 times for each crop).”
In 2002 after many lengthy trials and tests,
the Government of India (GoI) finally permitted the commercialization of a new
variety developed by Monsanto, touted as an effective counter to bollworms and
hence called Bolgard. By now, the American cotton variety became the predominant
cotton variety cultivated in the country and the Bolgard was touted as an
effective remedy against its principal pest - the American Bollworm.
The new variety has been designed by
inserting the genes of naturally occurring aerobic bacteria in the soil called
Bacillus thuringeinsis (Bt) into cotton. This bacterium produces a toxin that
is lethal to the Bollworm, particularly effective against the American
bollworm. Farmers in the US have traditionally used this property of the Bt
bacteria to guard against infestation by the Bollworm by periodically dusting
the cotton crops with dried extracts of soil rich in the bacteria.
When a gene of these bacteria is inserted
into cotton, the altered cotton variety continuously produces the thuringeinsis
toxin. Monsanto claimed this would provide double benefit - continuous
protection against the pest, minimising pesticide usage and costs on one hand
and on the other hand increasing yields by 20-25 per cent by curbing pest
damages. There are today nearly 350 officially approved Bt hybrids—up from
three in 2002 in India, including many unapproved varieties.
Most of these varieties have been developed
by local seed companies with the Bollgard I gene and the newly approved
Bollgard II (MON 15985) with stacked genes Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab which gives
improved resistance to bollworm and a few other pests. Two additional events
were approved, the first indigenous Indian Bt gene (developed in collaboration
with a public research institution) and using Cry1Ac was by the firm JK Agri-Genetics,
Ltd and a second event (GFM event) based on a Chinese gene, with a fusion
Cry1Ab-Cry1Ac introduced by Nath Seeds. In 2007, 135 varieties of Bt cotton
were available based on four events, the two Bollgard, the one of Agri-Genetic
and a second Bt gene.
Why this paper?
2011-12 will mark ten years since the GoI
permitted the commercialization of transgenic cotton commonly known as Bt
cotton. The issue of transgenic cotton had been and continue to be one
that generates heated controversy with claims made by civil society and counter
claims made by Bt seed manufacturers. Many NGOs and environmental organizations
have challenged its effectiveness; some accusing it of failing bio-safety and
environmental safety norms while perhaps the most talked about controversy relates
to the alleged resurgence of cotton farmer suicides in certain Indian states
and their relationship with the use of Bt cotton.
This paper in three parts tries to
analyze whether 10 years of observational data gives us any clues that can
dampen the fires of this controversy. Specifically, it tries to answer two
questions, both related to the main touted claims of the Bt industry:
a. Is Bt either a necessary or a sufficient explanation for increased in
cotton productivity?
b. Have Bt succeeded in decreasing pest infestation in cotton to
indirectly boost productivity and consequently bring about reduction in
pesticide expenses?
Here ends Part I Click
here for Part II and Part III. This paper is
written by Rajan Alexander, Development Consultancy Group, Bangalore. Rajan is
a livelihood consultant and had been in the NGO sector for more than 31
years. He can be contacted at rajan.alexander@yahoo.co.in
http://youtu.be/eiK_RF3ioRw
ReplyDeleteI sent a long comment on Part III and then the site took me to starting a blog and so I spent time starting and setting up blog for the first time. "We Are All Connected" at Kerry McClain Mann. blogspot.com
ReplyDeleteAfter reading all parts of this report I totally agree and American Scientists have become so arrogant with regards to trying to engineer a plant to just repel one bug without thinking of the ramifications as to how this will play out in the rest of the environment and the chain re-action is so typical of Americans compartmentalizing everything and not looking at the "whole". This is why american medical doctors are sooooooo bad because they are so specialized that they do not look and think about how the whole body works and you cannot treat just one part of the boy without looking at everything else.
Americans are so stupid and ignorant to think that they're ideas and their exceptionalism that they talk aboaut are better than everyone else's in other countries. No wonder people in other parts of the world do not like Americans because it is the way Americans are taught that they are better than other people because we have "democracy" and how we have to export this to the rest of the world and even invade other countries to tell other countries how to run their governments.
Who voted to make the United States the rulers of the World? I am a 61 American who has studied world history self educated like our founding fathers of this country and I don't like how Americans are so ignorant as to what is going on in the rest of the world and do not take the time to investigate other places and ideas in the world but insist that we are the BEST.
Who told us that we are GOD?